ENGLISH GRAMMAR

ESSENTIAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1. Parts of Speech

• Nouns: Types (proper, common, abstract, collective)

• Pronouns: Types (subjective, objective, possessive, reflexive)

• Verbs: Types (action, linking, helping), and introduction to verb tenses

• Adjectives: Describing nouns, comparatives, and superlatives

• Adverbs: Describing verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs

• Prepositions: Basic prepositions of place, time, and movement

• Conjunctions: Coordinating, subordinating, and correlative

• Interjections: Expressing emotions (e.g., "Wow!", "Oh!")

2. Sentence Structure

• Subject and Predicate: Understanding basic sentence components

• Types of Sentences: Declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory

• Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences: Using conjunctions and clauses effectively

3. Tenses

• Present Tense: Simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous

• Past Tense: Simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous

• Future Tense: Simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous

4. Articles

• Definite (the) and Indefinite (a, an): Usage rules

• When to omit articles: Proper nouns, plural nouns, etc.

5. Subject-Verb Agreement

• Rules: Singular vs. plural verbs with different subjects

• Special Cases: Indefinite pronouns, collective nouns, etc.

6. Modals and Auxiliary Verbs

• Common Modals: Can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must

• Expressing:  Possibility, Ability, Permission, and Obligation

7. Pronouns and Pronoun Agreement

• Types of Pronouns: Personal, possessive, reflexive, relative, demonstrative

• Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

8. Adjectives and Adverbs

• Comparative and Superlative Forms: Usage and structure

• Position of Adverbs: Rules for placement in sentences

9. Punctuation

• Basic Punctuation: Period, comma, question mark, exclamation point

• Intermediate Punctuation: Apostrophe, colon, semicolon, quotation marks

10. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

• Common Prepositions: At, on, in, by, etc.

• Using Prepositional Phrases to Add Detail

11. Conjunctions and Connectors

• Coordinating Conjunctions: For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

• Subordinating Conjunctions: Although, because, since, etc.

• Transitional Words and Phrases: Moreover, therefore, however, etc.

12. Active and Passive Voice

• Transforming Sentences: Converting active to passive and vice versa

• Usage Tips: When to use passive voice effectively

13. Direct and Indirect Speech

• Reported Speech Rules: Changes in tenses, pronouns, and adverbs of time/place

14. Clauses and Phrases

• Independent and Dependent Clauses: Identifying and differentiating

• Relative Clauses: Who, whom, which, that, etc.

• Noun, Adjective, and Adverb Phrases

15. Conditionals

• Types of Conditionals: Zero, first, second, third, and mixed

• Expressing Hypothetical Situations