Direct aur Indirect Speech
Direct Speech aur Indirect Speech ke concepts ko samajhne ke liye pehle ye samajhna zaroori hai ki direct speech mein hum exactly wohi words use karte hain jo kisi ne kahe hain, jabki indirect speech mein hum reported (kahe gaye) words ko thoda modify karte hain.
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Direct Speech:
Direct speech mein hum kisi ke exact words likhte hain aur unhe quotation marks (" ") mein enclose karte hain.
Example:
- She said, "I am happy."
- Usne kaha, "me khus hoon."
(Yahan humne uske exact words likhe hain: I am happy. bina change kiye)
Indirect Speech:
Indirect speech mein hum reported words ko kuch changes ke saath likhte hain, jaise tense, pronoun, aur adverbs mein changes. Iska format "She said that she was happy" jaisa hota hai.
Example:
- She said that she was happy.
- Usne kaha ke wo khush thi.
(Yahan humne tense aur pronoun change kiya hai or exact words ko badal diya he.)
Reported Speech Rules
1. Tense Change Rules:
Jab direct speech ko indirect speech mein change karte hain, to tense mein kuch basic changes hote hain, lekin present tense ka past tense mein conversion zaroori hota hai.
Present Simple -> Past Simple
- Direct: He said, "I go to school." (Usne kaha, main school jata hun)
- Indirect: He said that he went to school. (Usne kaha ki vah school gaya tha)
Present Continuous -> Past Continuous
- Direct: She said, "I am reading." (Usne kaha, main padh rahi hun)
- Indirect: She said that she was reading. (Usne kaha ki vah padh rahi thi)
Present Perfect -> Past Perfect
- Direct: He said, "I have finished my homework." (Usne kaha, Maine apna Kam pura kar liya hai)
- Indirect: He said that he had finished his homework. (Usne kaha ki vah apna Kam pura kar chuka tha)
Past Simple -> Past Perfect
- Direct: She said, "I saw him." (Usne kaha, Maine use dekha hai)
- Indirect: She said that she had seen him. (Usne kaha ki usne use dekha tha)
Past Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous
- Direct: He said, "I was studying." (Usne kaha, main padh raha tha)
- Indirect: He said that he had been studying. (Usne kaha ki vah padh raha tha)
Future (will) -> Would
- Direct: She said, "I will come tomorrow." (Usne kaha, main cal aaunga)
- Indirect: She said that she would come the next day. (Usne kaha ki vah next de aaega)
2. Pronoun Change Rules:
Pronouns bhi indirect speech mein change ho jaate hain, taaki woh sentence ka meaning sahi banaye rakhen.
First Person Pronouns (I, we) -> Subject ke according change hote hain
- Direct: He said, "I am tired." (Usne kaha, main thaka hua hun)
- Indirect: He said that he was tired. (Usne kaha ki vah thaka hua tha)
Second Person Pronouns (you) -> Object ke according change hote hain
- Direct: She said to me, "You are smart." (Usne mujhse kaha, Tum smart ho)
- Indirect: She told me that I was smart. (Usne mujhe bataya ki main smart tha)
Third Person Pronouns (he, she, it, they) -> In pronouns ko waise hi rehne diya jata hai.
- Direct: She said, "He is kind." (Usne kaha, vah kind hai)
- Indirect: She said that he was kind. (Usne kaha ki vah kind tha)
3. Adverbs Change Rules:
Kuch adverbs aur expressions of time/place bhi indirect speech mein change hote hain.
Now -> Then
- Direct: He said, "I am leaving now." (Usne kaha, main ab Nikal Raha Hun)
- Indirect: He said that he was leaving then. (Usne kaha ki vah tab ja raha tha)
Today -> That day
- Direct: She said, "I have a meeting today." (Usne kaha, aaj meri meeting hai)
- Indirect: She said that she had a meeting that day. (Usne kaha ki use din uski meeting thi)
Tomorrow -> The next day / The following day
- Direct: He said, "I will call you tomorrow." (Usne kaha, main cal tumko call karunga)
- Indirect: He said that he would call me the next day. (Usne kaha ki vah next day mujhe call karega)
Yesterday -> The previous day / The day before
- Direct: She said, "I saw him yesterday." (Usne kaha, Maine use cal dekha tha
- Indirect: She said that she had seen him the day before. (Usne kaha ki usne use ek din pahle dekha tha)
Here -> There
- Direct: He said, "I am here." (Usne kaha, main yahan Hun)
- Indirect: He said that he was there. (Usne kaha ki vah vahan tha)
Examples Combining All Rules:
- Direct Speech: She said, "I am going to the market now." (Usne kaha, main abhi bazar ja rahi hun)
- Indirect Speech: She said that she was going to the market then. (Usne kaha ki vah tab bazar ja rahi thi)
- Direct Speech: He said, "You will succeed tomorrow." (Usne kaha, Tum cal kamyab hoge)
- Indirect Speech: He said that I would succeed the next day. (Usne kaha ki main next de kamyab hounga)
- Direct Speech: They said, "We watched a movie yesterday." (Unhone kaha, humne cal ek movie dekhi thi)
- Indirect Speech: They said that they had watched a movie the previous day. (Unhone kaha ki unhone bite din ek movie dekhi thi)
- Direct Speech: She said, "I will help you today." (Usne kaha main Aaj tumhari help karungi)
- Indirect Speech: She said that she would help me that day. (Usne kaha ki vah use din meri help karegi)
- Direct Speech: He said, "I was working here." (Usne kaha, main yahan kam kar raha tha)
- Indirect Speech: He said that he had been working there. (Usne kaha ki vah vahan kam kar raha tha)
- - In sabhi rules ko yaad rakhne se aap direct aur indirect speech ka conversion asaani se kar paenge. Practice ke liye aap kuch sentences likh kar khud se convert kar sakte hain.
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